Early Editing
In the present day, editing in film has various purposes: it aids in the telling of a storey, it creates a mood or atmosphere, and it contributes to the overall success of a film or video. Short films used to be one lengthy, static shot in the beginning. Early filmmakers were afraid of combining multiple shots of different items taken from different perspectives and locations because they feared it would confuse an audience. In the early 1900s, the first films with some type of editing were made. Edwin S. Porter's film "The Great Train Robbery," which he wrote, directed, and produced, is a significant milestone in editing technique.
Griffiths, Eisenstein, and Kuleshov are among the most well-known film experimenters. D. W. Griffiths is regarded as the founder of narrative cinema; he pioneered techniques such as parallel editing, which allowed him to push his films to new heights of intricacy. Griffith's films were highly valued by Soviet directors such as Kuleshov, and had a significant impact on their concept of editing. D.W. Griffiths' film "For the Love of God" was the first to demonstrate the use of a continuity cut; the filmmaker discovered that by using editing, he could convey emotion rather than relying on the emotion reflected by the characters.
Moviola
The Moviola was a device invented by Iwan Serrurier in 1924 that allowed film editors to see each individual shot while editing in order to pinpoint the ideal cut point. The Moviola was a popular editing device in the United States until the 1970s, when horizontal flatbed editing systems took over. The devices were originally promoted as a home movie projector, but because they were too expensive for home usage, they were eventually converted into an editing machine. Despite the fact that they are somewhat ancient computers, they continue to be utilised in some extremely popular productions, such as Steven Spielberg's Munich, which was edited by Michael Kahn
.
Flatbed Editing Suites
A flatbed editing suite is a sort of motion picture editing machine that loads images and sound rolls onto separate plates. Each set of plates can move independently or be locked together to synchronise the pictures with the sound. The pictures are reflected onto a screen by a prism, while the audio track is read by a magnetic playback head. The majority of movies were shot on a dual-system, which means that the sound and picture were recorded on different devices. After then, the sound is recorded on a magnetic tape. After that, the editor must synchronise the image and sound. The film and sound are advanced to find when the clapperboard came together after the rolls are loaded onto the plates.Once both have been found, a mark is placed on both strips, and the flatbed is switched into interlock mode, which causes both the picture and sound rolls to move at the same speed to maintain them in sync. When the editor detects a point where he can cut one shot away and replace it with another, he notes it on both strips, cuts it, and replaces it with the following shot. The two most popular flatbed editors are Steenbeck and K-E-M (Keller-Elektro-Mechanik), both of which were developed in Germany in the 1930s. Although European flatbeds were popular in the 1970s, they never totally replaced Moviolas. By the mid-1990s, computer-based non-linear systems like Avid and Lightworks had largely superseded them .
Linear and Non-Linear Editing
Linear video editing is the technique of copying scenes from one video tape to another in the order required utilising two tape VCRs. As a result, the fresh tape is made in a linear form. One drawback of this editing method is that it is impossible to insert or delete scenes from a new tape without re-copying all of the previous sequences. With analogue video tapes, linear editing was the method of choice.
Non-linear video editing is accomplished by transferring film content from analogue or digital tape to a computer. The editing procedure creates a new tape by storing all of the operator's commands. The operator can cut, copy, and paste scenes in any order and make any adjustments they want using this method. The computer can then create a new file by applying the commands to the original digital image saved on the disc when the post-production procedure is completed. The disk's original digital image remains unaffected. The new video file can then be burned on a cassette, emailed, or uploaded to the internet.
Online and Offline Editing
Offline editing is the process of creating a rough cut of a project by combining low-quality footage in order for the main editor and maybe the director to get a sense of what the final cut will look like. An offline editor can also construct an edit decision list, which functions similarly to a log sheet. EDLs are significant because they let the major editors to follow along with the rough cut and make adjustments as they watch it.
Online editing is the final cut of a production that involves putting together a high-quality film. The final cut is made by online editors using the EDL and the rough cut created by offline editors. Online editing comes after offline editing because offline editing is a less expensive option that allows you to see your concept before investing money and time in it.
The Digital Era
CMX Systems introduced the CMX-600, the first non-linear editing system, in 1971; the device was known as RAVE, or Random Access Video Editor. The CMX-600 was a console that had two black-and-white monitors as well as a pen for system control. The editor would use the light pen to choose options that were overlaid on the image on one monitor, and the altered film would play on the left monitor.
Lucasfilm developed the Edit Droid, a computerised analogue NLE device. It lasted from the mid-80s through the early-90s. Edit Droid includes three displays: a Sun-1 display that serves as the product's graphical user interface, a small preview video monitor, and a huge rear projected monitor that displays the cut.
Avid 1 was built on an Apple Macintosh II computer with Avid-designed hardware and software. Avid 1 made editing easier and more efficient in the early 1990s, rendering technologies like the Moviola or the Flatbed obsolete. "Let's Kill All the Lawyers," directed by Ron Senkowski in 1992, was the first film edited on the Avid 1. Avid gained prominence in the film business over time, although it was quickly surpassed by current editing software such as Premier Pro.
Modern Editing Platforms
Premiere Pro is a commonly used video editing software for macOS and Windows systems. Video editing, advertisements, and other cinema, television, and web videos are all done with Premiere Pro. Premiere Pro was first released in 1991 as Premiere, and it was designed for the Mac operating system. It was one of the earliest non-linear editing systems to use a computer. Premiere Pro was first released in 2003, and it has been utilised for all subsequent editions.The software can import video, audio, and graphics and create edited versions of films that can then be exported to the appropriate medium and format for distribution. Premiere Pro is the main editing software in our generation, employed by video production companies, news stations, marketing professionals, and design organisations.
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